Character Study of Miss Havishman in Charles Dickens...

Character Study of Miss Havishman in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Miss Havisham is the representation of a faded spectre. The failed effects of nineteenth centaury chauvinism amalgamating with the product of a rigid society with definite and pre-destined roles for women, in which Miss Havisham fits none. The figure confined to a dark chair is in fact a personification of the themes, which are predominantly based on hatred, betrayal, and morality and criminality. Satis House is an eerie backdrop to a sinister plot. Satis meaning enough is a description of not only the house but its residents, enough being its primary†¦show more content†¦Creating a false sense of security for Pip but a sense of sympathy from the reader. The fairy tale element to Great Expectations is immense. Miss Havisham is portrayed not only as the wicked stepmother but also as the vulnerable princess. The way in which she is banished to a cold, desolate place where natural sunlight is forbidden reveals the loneliness embedded in her soul, which is then churned into hatred and bitterness, this shows that her two alter egos are battling each other. The instability of Miss Havishams psyche is often shown through her speech. The way in which she chooses to balance her sentences may account for the inner workings of her mind. This may show that she feels unbalanced and sharp; therefore, by balancing her sentences she is almost rounding herself and making herself sm oother. The way in which Miss Havisham uses speech reflects upon her motives, she has a high-pitched croaky voice pitch and speaks in Standard English. The volume in which she speaks is loud although she uses stage whispers, which add to a conspiratorial element of her character. The effects that Miss Havisham has had on Pips life vary. The long-term effects include fuelling Pips ambitions and awakening him to a world that he never knew

Analysis Of James Joyce s Araby - 846 Words

â€Å"Illusion is an anodyne, bred by the gap between wish and reality† said by Herman Wouk. Many times in life, people set unrealistic expectations for themselves or for other people. This is not a very wise thing to do because people often feel disappointed and embarrassed for getting their hopes up so high. In James Joyce’s short story â€Å"Araby† he uses the voice of a young boy as a narrator and describes his childhood growing up in Dublin. Joyce concentrates on description of character’s feeling rather than on plot to reveal the ironies inherent in self-deception. The story focuses on the disappointment, and enlightenment of the young boy and the gap between ideality and reality which I believe it is a retrospective of Joyce’s look back at life. On the simplest level, â€Å"Araby† is a story about a young boy’s first love and his quest for the ideal. He has a crush on his friend’s sister and his quest to fulfill a promise he made to her. The promise that is made is that he will bring her a present from Araby, a bazaar. He is granted permission from his uncle; however his uncle comes home late on the day of the bazaar making it hard for the boy to get to Araby before it close. When he finally arrives he discovers it is too late to buy anything. Thus, the quest ends in failure. On the deeper level, the failure results in an inner awareness and a first step into adult world. The protagonist faces up the harsh reality for which his precious experience has not prepared for him. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1336 Words   |  6 Pagesand derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.† Araby is a short story centering on an Irish adolescence boy emerging from boyhood fanaticizing into the harsh realities of everyday life in his country. It undergoes through the phases of self-discovery through a coming of age. It takes place in Dublin in 1894 when it was under British rule. The boy in the story is strongly correlated with the author James Joyce. Young Goodman Brown was another story in which the ending results onRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 945 Words   |  4 PagesJames Joyce portrays fanciful mental images from a young boy’s perspective, through his story of Araby. A young boy has a friend name Mangan that lives across the street in which he began to watch Mangan’s sister through the windows and he starts to develop feelings for her that lead him to go to the Araby Bazaar. These feelings start to give the young boy assumptions about Mangan’s sister from the way she makes him feel leading to having these idealized characteristics about her. The emotions makeRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is nowadays recognized as the modernism which argues that life’s existence is subjective, people are not rational in thinking reality is built through personal experience. One of these writers was James Joyce, who was from a lower middle class in Dublin, Ireland. In his little story â€Å"Araby† Joyce shows us that at the time period that reality is built through personal experiences because life is what we make of it. He goes along to argue that how life is perceived is viewed differently throughRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby955 Words   |  4 PagesIn James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† a nameless boy who is infatuated with the sister of his friend, Mangan reveals his vain wishes and expectations as he tries to impress her buy purchasing a romantic gift. The unbearable crush that he has, lures him on a journey to a Dublin bazaar called Araby, to purchase the gift, but encounters obstacles that later on gives him a change of hea rt. Instead of realizing that he does not need gifts to express his love for her, he gives up instead. As optimistic as he was aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1246 Words   |  5 Pages16 October 2014 Araby – James Joyce – Critical Analysis - Revision The visual and emblematic details established throughout the story are highly concentrated, with Araby culminating, largely, in the epiphany of the young unnamed narrator. To Joyce, an epiphany occurs at the instant when the spirit and essence of a character is revealed, when all the forces that endure and influence his life converge, and when we can, in that moment, comprehend and appreciate him. As follows, Araby is a story of anRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story Araby, James Joyce provides the audience with a glimpse if 19th century Ireland seen through the eyes of an adolescent young man. It is this adolescence and the navies of the world that is under attack. Joyce masterfully reveals an innocence held by Araby by contrasting it with a setting filled with symbology that eludes to the hopeless reality in which he lives. Joyce injects a sense of unrealized bleakness for the protagonist by the imagery that he puts forth. â€Å"North RichmondRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby Essay2018 Words   |  9 PagesJames Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet in the early 20th century. Joyce was the writer of â€Å"Araby†. A stoty published in 1914, in which the writer preserves an episode of his life, more specific when he a young twelve years old boy. But was does the word â€Å"Araby† means? According to diccionaty.com, â€Å"Araby† is an archaic or poetic name for Arabia. In addition, the story is about a boy who falls in love with a woman, she is the sister of one of the boy’s classmates. The name of the woman is neverRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Epiphany, From James Joyce s Araby And The Dead1758 Words   |  8 PagesComparative Analysis of Epiphany, from James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyce elaborately portrays the complexity of the human male psyche through his protagonists in â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead.† Through the use of first person perspective, each protagonists’ true motivations and perceptions of reality are betrayed by Joyce, therefore allowing the reader to fully understand the fallacies and complexities within each character. Through the depictions of such complexities, Joyce is able to leverageRead More The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesuseful motive to win hearts of women for centuries. However, as society constantly changes, the effectiveness of these chivalrous acts has diminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this theory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his critical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagon ists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the whole chivalric view [sic] --- are, in modernRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Dubliners1668 Words   |  7 PagesDubliners, by James Joyce is an outstanding example of how the use of point of view influences how characters and events are interpreted. Joyce writes the first three stories of Dubliners in the first person point of view, the rest are told in there person. Taking a look at a few of the short stories , Araby, Eveline, and Clay, it is obvious that Joyce s choice of narration as well as the complexity of how he carries out those narrations plays a significant role in the analysis of his work.

Amadeus, the Movie free essay sample

Amadeus is armorial set In the noble class, and doesnt do the best Job portraying the poor side of life. For the nobles of course living conditions are fine, constant overindulgence and pleasure. The dress is very extravagant, very colorful and very thick and layered. The primary source of entertainment shown in the movie is music, seemingly more operas than anything else. Most likely because Operas provided the most entertainment at the time; a play set to a score of music.The mall character is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, played by Tom Hulled. In the movie Mozart Is portrayed as a very immature, childish adult; yet unbelievably creative and talented. Towards the end of the movie he becomes more psychotic that immature; constantly drinking and rambling about things that make no sense. He has pretty much lost all sense of sanity and his health by the time of his death. Antonio Saltier has a very major role in Amadeus, the whole story is told through his eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Amadeus, the Movie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The character is played by F. Murray Abraham.He is an extremely vindictive character, throughout the whole movie he Is trying to sabotage Mozart. Even on his death bed confessing his guilt, as he Is telling the story he seems to lose his sense of guilt and looks back on his experience as If It were still caused by Mozart, and not of is own doing. He begins his hatred of Mozart when his wife secretly shows his some of his work and he is astonished; ever since that he says he considered him an enemy. He doesnt believe its fair that a person of Mozart personality has all the talent that he does.However Mozart never sees through his deception and thinks of his as a loyal friend and colleague to the end. Constance Mozart, played by Elizabeth Bridge, Is the wife of Mozart. She Is by far the most sensible in the relationship. Throughout the whole movie she is concerned of Mozart frivolous spending and at some points, refusal to do work that really pays. She is also extremely concerned of Mozart physical and mental well-being. She is also the only one who can stand up to Mozart father for him, calling him lazy and unappreciative.I was much more fond of the symphony music played by Mozart, although there was not much featured In the movie. I am not a big fan of Operas to begin with, so I am a little biased when judging them. I found Don Giovanni and the Opera written alongside Saltier more preferential; there was more substance and feeling in those. The opera Figaro to be extremely boring; apparently so did Joseph II. It was extremely slow with the same dark melody the whole piece. I most enjoyed the first Opera commissioned by Emperor Joseph II. The whole piece was brilliantly put sound like it did.It reminds me of listening to Jim Hendrix on the guitar, or Bach on the Harpsichord. Mozart was an extremely childish, immature person; yet one of the most talented musicians of all time. Mozart has serious personality issues his whole life; most likely contributing to his mental state was the treatment of him by his father, and the mental torture of Antonio Saltier. Mozart was the cause of his own death; his heavy ranking and extremely unhealthy life style, mixed with the fact that he never saw a doctor was his downfall.In my opinion, the movie was Just average. It did a very good Job of portraying the real Mozart and blending his music into the story, but I was unimpressed with the acting, particularly with Tom Hulled (Mozart). This movie is highly rated (maybe more for its substance), but I found the acting to be Just at par, nothing special. On a side not I have to mention, the laugh of Mozart was so horrible to listen to, it really ruined the movie for me, especially because thats the last sound heard in the movie.

The prices of basic and manufactured products Essay Example

The prices of basic and manufactured products Essay Basic commodities are usually necessary for everyone; although the price varies people have to buy them. It is common to see especial offers and promotions within basic branded products like rice and milk, but they follow a general price. The prices also depend on the conditions like weather and transport. This is the reason why they are always fluctuating. Manufactured products have more stable prices because they are not consumed frequently and because the demand depends on the price. But there are also other reasons to understand the stability of these goods. First of all, basic commodities are the raw products, which can be processed; they differ from manufacturing industry due to biological character of its form of production. Price fluctuations take the form of fairly regular cycles overtime. Manufactured products use basic commodities as part of their inputs. A difference between them is that for the output of a basic commodity there is a time lag before an intended expansion in production actually is available or sale in the market. Manufactured product enterprisers have the time and possibility of changing the product because of a change in the demand. When there is overproduction of goods that can be rotted, prices decrease, sometimes the enterprisers prefer to hide or burn the goods to maintain the equilibrium. It is easier to control the production of manufactured goods making their price more stable. We will write a custom essay sample on The prices of basic and manufactured products specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The prices of basic and manufactured products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The prices of basic and manufactured products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bad weather sometimes stops some products to be shared, producing scarcity, so prices increase. For example huaycos in Perà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ stop the trucks that bring lemon or vegetables, so supermarkets increase the price because these are necessary products so people would by anyways. For a basic good, the demand of branded product like Costeà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o rice varies a lot depending on the price given. For example, if someone is used to buy 1 kg of rice for a week of a determinate brand at a given price, if a competence brand decreases price, this person may be willing to buy this other brand because the rice is the same. But he would continue buying rice. If this person doesnt care about rice and he found that price of rise is very high, he would probably prefer buying potatoes instead of rice. Basic commodities are often bought, so people cares lot about the prices but this doesnt mean a great change in demand. The variation of the quantity demanded is less than the variation of prices of a product, so basic commodities are inelastic. This means that the prices can be changed and people would not stop buying them. The prices are not stable. For example, gas for cars is inelastic, because if price increases according to the international market, people would continue buying it, perhaps less quantity but the change is minimum. Salt for example, has no substitutes, so it is inelastic, the brands are more elastic, but salt as product is less elastic. So people buy them although the price changes. For manufactured products is different. People choose to buy according to their possibility, price and likeness. Manufactured products like pasta, detergent and cars have different brands. The variation of the quantity demanded is more than the variation of the prices of a product; so manufactured products tend to be elastic. This means that if prices changes people buy other things, this make the price of this kind of products more stable. There are exceptions also: if someone is able to buy a Mercedes Benz Car, he wont buy a Toyota because it is cheaper, he would buy the Mercedes Benz because he like it. But if another better brand appears perhaps the demand for Mercedes Benz would prefer the new, more expensive and better car. There is always a change in the demand, more than the variation of prices. As manufactured products are rarely bought, the demand and prices depend on the substitutes and competence. Promotions also increase the demand for products, if some brands advertise a basic commodity product people buy more of them and perhaps leave aside other products and brands. So people can choose making manufactured products prices stable. In a short run it is impossible to increase or decrease production of a basic commodity because it takes time to get them from nature, so products are less elastic. A better explanation for this is that there is a time lag before and intended expansion in production actually is available or sale in the market. The decision by producers to change their output depends on the basis of the current market price. Thus, supplies in year 2 are dependent on prices actually received in year 1, rather than what is expected to be received in year 2. Producers are many and they each take decisions to adjust their scale of production according to their personal convenience. So these conditions make that if supplies happen to be scarce in one time period, the high level of the market-clearing price will encourage producers to begin a major expansion in production. This rise in production will in due course depress market prices, which stimulates a major contraction in the scale of production. Showing the reasons of fluctuation of basic commodities supply and prices. An example of a shift in supply was the excess of potatoes in 1992 in Britain led to growers receiving very low prices. An example of a leftward shift in the supply curve would be the impact of frost damage on coffee in Brazil in June 1994. In September 1994 a tropical storm passing through the Caribbean divested the banana crop in the Windward Islands, resulting in a loss of export earnings of millions of dollars for Dominica, Grenada, Sta Lucia and St Vicent For basic products the difference in quantity supplied is less than the difference in prices, making it relatively inelastic. For these products, when price increases although producers want to increase production, they cant because of lack time. For manufactured products, the capacity of increasing output can be managed according to the technology. So supply is more elastic. The income elasticity for basic commodities is very low, because rich people, as their income increases they do not buy more basic products, but they increase their manufactured products. So luxury products have higher income elasticity, for them. This also makes the basic products less stable as rich people dont care about the price, and make luxurious and manufactured product stable, as people care about the price. Poor people only manage to buy basic necessity products, so as there is more poor people the demand for these products is greater making the curves more sensitive. Some basic commodities prices also depend on international agreements, for example copper, gold, coffee, cocoa and oil. Coffee prices are amongst the most volatile in international commodity markets. Fluctuations in demand and supply conditions can cause big swings in market prices for producers. One key factor is the control over market supply engineered by the Association of coffee Producing countries like Brazil and Colombia, by seeking a balance between world supply and demand the ACPC aims to stabilize coffee prices at levels that are fair and remunerative to producers and yet consistent with increasing consumption. However it was agreed to have a price fluctuating between 95 cents per pound as the floor and 105 cents as the ceiling. The growing global demand for chocolate has helped push the price of cocoa up to 50% within 2 months and led to fears of shortage to come. The global output has dropped because of weather problems in the main world producer country: Ivory Coast So this factor shows the instability of basic commodities as cocoa. The international community no longer maintains large stocks of commodities as it is used to, in an effort to stabilise the incomes received by commodity producers. Farmers and suppliers of other commodities are now much more vulnerable to the swings in international market prices. Commodity prices are particularly sensitive to general fluctuations in the economies of countries that consume them. The international oil market is placed under daily scrutiny because oil is perhaps the most important internationally traded commodity. World prices fluctuate because of changes in demand and supply. Oil is an essential input in the production processes of many industries. The demand for oil also comes from household consumers to meet their energy requirements. And, crude oil is refined into petroleum products for transport. This makes the oil demand constantly grow. The OPEC had achieved substantial cuts in total production in 1999, in the wake of the collapse of oil prices in 1997 because of the Asian economic crisis. There was pressure on the OPEC cartel to cut output and raise price in order to boost revenue from oil exports to rebuild their own domestic economies. An inward shift in oil supply matched with an increase in demand causes an increase in demand causes an increase in equilibrium price. Oil supply from non-OPEC countries was affected by cutbacks in capital investment spending when oil prices dropped in the late 1990s. So again, a basic commodity suffers of fluctuating demand and prices, making them not stable. For manufactured products, the enterprises are in charge of measuring they profits and calculate suitable price for their products, organizations cant discuss the prices. So if other countries want our manufactured products, they have to pay what the enterpriser asks. Internationally, when basic product prices increase are elastic, but when they decrease are inelastic. This is controlled by the superpowers that buy our basic products so it is better to export manufactured products that are more stable. Accordingly to my analysis, the price for basic commodities are less stable that the price of manufactured product because their prices are inelastic, the variation of demand is less than the variation of the price. Supply also depends on the difference of prices. When there is overproduction of basic goods, prices fall and enterpriser try to reduce output to receive more revenues. This shows the constantly instability of basic goods. These kinds of goods usually have a regular demand and it is greater than manufactured products. Manufactured goods have lots of substitutes to choose. Supply depends on demand and the prices depend on the decision of the enterprisers. Also production can be controlled by machinery. So the prices are more stable.

Expository Essay Sample on How to Be a Wise Consumer

Expository Essay Sample on How to Be a Wise Consumer Basics of Expository Essay Writing An expository essay is a written paper that aims not only to reveal the main idea of the narration but also to show all the essential details. This type of essay is used to expand the field of knowledge in a particular area, resorting to descriptions, clarifications, reference to specific sources or actions. Moreover, the expository essay could be a discourse in a necessary field, or through it, it also could maintain the explanations of some essential facts. The main task of the author is to describe the topic in a simple and understandable way, without resorting to personal pronouns and omitting the emotional factor. Before completing the expository essay, the writer thoroughly examines the main idea, analyzes all the facts, compares and contrasts them, and then starts to write the paper on the basis of the received information. Introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion are the main parts of the expository essay. The introduction is the most significant part of the work; it should include a smooth presentation of the topic and end with a thesis statement. The body of the expository essay should consist of separate ideas that are supported by reliable sources. The author should resort to various descriptions and detailing of certain aspects of the chosen theme to disclose the topic in a full manner and catch the readers attention. The conclusion represents the consequence regarding the disclosed ideas, and it should not contain new information. Here, it is necessary not to express a personal opinion, that is, to write in a third person. The first step for writing the expository essay is to learn all its features, understand its structure, and get to know what information should be included in the work. Such a stage is fundamental, that is why failing it could lead to a violation of the alleged aspects and components of the essay structure and content. After that, the writer should thoroughly select the appropriate information and be sure of the reliability of the selected sources. Such action will help to enrich the knowledge of the chosen topic, broaden the horizons, as well as determine the main arguments in work. In addition to the previous step, for clarity, the writer could find some examples of the expository essays to see visually and understand how the story should be built, which arguments are significant, and how specific facts are presented. However, it is necessary to consider that the found examples should be on an abstract topic, so as not to adopt other persons ideas at an unconscious level. Moreover, before writing an essay, the writer should make draft or outline. Such practice helps briefly formulate the main points to get a good idea of the information to introduce. In the body of the expository essay, it is necessary to describe the main arguments, so that they smoothly go over each other and deeply reflect the idea of the chosen topic. ‘How to Be a Wise Consumer’ Essay Sample For today, shopping has become an integral part of every persons life. Walking through the various stores in search of the necessary product people perceive a considerable amount of information which sometimes significantly influences their choice. Having studied human psychology, entrepreneurs develop advertising for their product or various manipulations aimed at maximizing the impact on the consumer. That is why everyone can fall into the trap and be deceived without knowing it. A wise consumer should understand why the product is necessary, explore its optimal cost, and make sure of quality before purchasing it in order not to be confused or misinformed. First of all, the person should decide whether this product is necessary for him/her and how long it will be used. Being in the store, people find a vast amount of attractive goods that they immediately buy without any hesitation. However, frequently, the fragility, uselessness, or defects of the product are disclosed after the purchase. At the psychological level, it is human nature to be obsessed with the particular things and, therefore, to buy them unnecessarily without any thought. In order not to be full of regrets after making a purchase, the buyer should weigh all its pros and cons. After that, decide how often it will be used and whether it is reasonable to buy it for a certain amount. Some products are popular, and if the person searches it thoroughly, he/she could find a similar one for a lower price. Thus, a clear understanding of the desired thing will help the consumer to avoid unpleasant consequences and make a good choice. Researching the market and the best prices, taking into account the budget and financial capabilities, is another crucial step in shopping. In the store, people in most cases become impressed by the product range and spend a significant amount of money or savings on the particular one. According to the specialists, such method of shopping is not the reasonable and correct step towards spending one’s funds. To make a bargain, the buyer should examine the available offers and compare the quality and cost of the necessary goods. The right ways to find descriptive information are the Internet, various forums, and review sites. After analyzing the online sources as well as the available places for the presence of the necessary goods, comparing prices and quality, consumers have an excellent opportunity to purchase it. Advertisements are aimed at attracting the greatest number of buyers by all means; however, they do not always contain truthful information. Focusing on the information provided by the company itself about the product since the person can fall for its influence and make a completely useless purchase or buy a low-quality product. In the process of choosing a certain item, it is also necessary to take into account its quality and long-term use. To date, there is a considerable number of methods, with the help of which the person can check it out. An excellent way to verify the reliability is the Internet reviews which show the buyer the quality of the product, its advantages and disadvantages in the example of the experience of real people. Another method is the friends or relatives’ opinion who have previously bought the same thing; they will tell more and give a piece of good advice. In conclusion, the wise consumer always attentively makes purchases considering all the details and steps. Today, there is a considerable amount of traps and troubles into which the average buyer can fall. Manufacturers aim at increasing their profits by any means. Therefore, they try to use psychological methods of influence in their work. The buyer should first be careful in order not to be deceived. Focusing on the quality, positive characteristics, and favorable value, each person can be confident in one’s choice. Post-Writing Tips The example of the expository essay consists of the introduction and thesis where the reader learns about the idea that the author wants to convey, structured and detailed body part, and definite conclusion. In the example above, everyone can see how the expository essay is organized and how it is necessary to reveal the main ideas accurately. The author does not resort to the expression of personal opinion but describes the standard and most frequently used tips on how to become a wise customer in detail. This type of essay is a reflection of the collected and analyzed information, which will help readers to extract all the necessary information quickly and briefly. The author’s suggestions are written in a certain way, accurately distinguishing between the topic and concluding sentence in body paragraphs; such an approach also omits colorful descriptions, elaborate, and inappropriate vocabulary. After writing the expository essay sample, the author should check it, turn attention to the correct usage of grammatical structures, punctuation, and the relevance of vocabulary. In case the writer is not sure of some point, it is better to revise the expository essay example, thus making the idea clearer and more accessible to the reader. The final step is to check and correctly design a list of references. The writer should arrange the reference marks according to the given format and list used sources in alphabetical order. It is also essential to note that in the process of writing a descriptive essay, the author may resort to additional research or use other materials, radically changing the content. In this case, it is necessary to reread the introduction and the thesis, so that they reflect new ideas. Such a method will help to avoid misunderstandings from the reader`s side and make a smooth transition between paragraphs. Sometimes, after writing the expository essay, it is n ot entirely understandable whether the idea is fully disclosed or not, so the person can ask someone to read it. The third party does not know the written text and the provided information, so he is fresh and could objectively evaluate the work and make some adjustments. The above expository essay tips are useful sub-descriptions for writers to make the expository essay of any complexity successfully, reflect all the essential ideas on a particular topic, and present the main points to the reader.

How to Make Aspirin From Willow

How to Make Aspirin From Willow Willow bark contains a chemical active ingredient called salicin, which the body converts into salicylic acid (C7H6O3)Â  - a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent that is the precursor to aspirin. In the 1920s, chemists learned how to extract salicylic acid from willow bark to reduce pain and fever. Later, the chemical was modified into the present form of aspirin, which is acetylsalicylic acid. While you can prepare acetylsalicylic acid, its also nice to know how to get the plant-derived chemical directly from willow bark. The process is extremely simple: Finding Willow Bark The first step is to correctly identify the tree that produces the compound. Any of a number of species of willow contain salicin. While nearly all species of willow (Salix) contain salicin, some do not contain enough of the compound to use for a medicinal preparation. White willow (Salix alba) and black or pussy willow (Salix nigra) are most often used to obtain the aspirin precursor. Other species, such as crack willow (Salix fragilis), purple willow (Salix purpurea), and weeping willow (Salix babylonica), also may be used. Since some trees are toxic or else do not contain the active compound, its important to correctly identify willow. The bark of the tree has a distinctive appearance. Trees that are one or two years old are most effective. Harvesting bark in the spring results in higher potency than extracting the compound in other growing seasons. One study found salicin levels varied from 0.08% in fall to 12.6% in spring. How to Get Salicin From Willow Bark Cut through both the inner and outer bark of the tree. Most people advise cutting a square into the trunk. Dont cut a ring around the trunk of the tree, as this can damage or kill the plant. Dont take bark from the same tree more than once a year.Pry the bark from the tree.Shred the pink section of the bark and wrap it in a coffee filter. The filter will help keep dirt and debris from getting into your preparation.Boil 1-2 teaspoons of fresh or dried bark per 8 ounces of water for 10-15 minutes.Remove the mixture from heat and allow it to steep for 30 minutes. A typical maximum dose is 3-4 cups per day. Willow bark may also be made into a tincture (1:5 ratio in 30% alcohol) and is available in powdered form containing a standardized quantity of salicin. Comparison To Aspirin Salicin in willow bark is related to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), but it is not chemically identical. Also, there are additional biologically active molecules in willow bark which may have therapeutic effects. Willow contains polyphenols or flavonoids that have anti-inflammatory effects. Willow also contains tannins. Willow acts more slowly as a pain-reliever than aspirin, but its effects last longer. Since it is a salicylate, salicin in willow bark should be avoided by persons with a sensitivity to other salicylates and may carry a similar risk of causing Reye syndrome as aspirin. Willow may not be safe for persons with clotting disorders, kidney disease, or ulcers. It interacts with several medications and should only be used as approved by a healthcare provider. Uses of Willow Bark Willow is used to relieve: headache painmuscle crampsmenstrual painosteoarthritis symptomsfeverback pain References WedMD, Willow Bark (retrieved 07/12/2015)University of Maryland Medical Center, Willow Bark (retrieved 07/12/2015)

How to Make Aspirin From Willow

How to Make Aspirin From Willow Willow bark contains a chemical active ingredient called salicin, which the body converts into salicylic acid (C7H6O3)Â  - a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent that is the precursor to aspirin. In the 1920s, chemists learned how to extract salicylic acid from willow bark to reduce pain and fever. Later, the chemical was modified into the present form of aspirin, which is acetylsalicylic acid. While you can prepare acetylsalicylic acid, its also nice to know how to get the plant-derived chemical directly from willow bark. The process is extremely simple: Finding Willow Bark The first step is to correctly identify the tree that produces the compound. Any of a number of species of willow contain salicin. While nearly all species of willow (Salix) contain salicin, some do not contain enough of the compound to use for a medicinal preparation. White willow (Salix alba) and black or pussy willow (Salix nigra) are most often used to obtain the aspirin precursor. Other species, such as crack willow (Salix fragilis), purple willow (Salix purpurea), and weeping willow (Salix babylonica), also may be used. Since some trees are toxic or else do not contain the active compound, its important to correctly identify willow. The bark of the tree has a distinctive appearance. Trees that are one or two years old are most effective. Harvesting bark in the spring results in higher potency than extracting the compound in other growing seasons. One study found salicin levels varied from 0.08% in fall to 12.6% in spring. How to Get Salicin From Willow Bark Cut through both the inner and outer bark of the tree. Most people advise cutting a square into the trunk. Dont cut a ring around the trunk of the tree, as this can damage or kill the plant. Dont take bark from the same tree more than once a year.Pry the bark from the tree.Shred the pink section of the bark and wrap it in a coffee filter. The filter will help keep dirt and debris from getting into your preparation.Boil 1-2 teaspoons of fresh or dried bark per 8 ounces of water for 10-15 minutes.Remove the mixture from heat and allow it to steep for 30 minutes. A typical maximum dose is 3-4 cups per day. Willow bark may also be made into a tincture (1:5 ratio in 30% alcohol) and is available in powdered form containing a standardized quantity of salicin. Comparison To Aspirin Salicin in willow bark is related to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), but it is not chemically identical. Also, there are additional biologically active molecules in willow bark which may have therapeutic effects. Willow contains polyphenols or flavonoids that have anti-inflammatory effects. Willow also contains tannins. Willow acts more slowly as a pain-reliever than aspirin, but its effects last longer. Since it is a salicylate, salicin in willow bark should be avoided by persons with a sensitivity to other salicylates and may carry a similar risk of causing Reye syndrome as aspirin. Willow may not be safe for persons with clotting disorders, kidney disease, or ulcers. It interacts with several medications and should only be used as approved by a healthcare provider. Uses of Willow Bark Willow is used to relieve: headache painmuscle crampsmenstrual painosteoarthritis symptomsfeverback pain References WedMD, Willow Bark (retrieved 07/12/2015)University of Maryland Medical Center, Willow Bark (retrieved 07/12/2015)

Bayesian analysis of HMM-GARCH models in Finance Research Proposal

Bayesian analysis of HMM-GARCH models in Finance - Research Proposal Example The Bayesian approach allows small sample outcomes, fast evaluation, model bigotry and credible reports concerning non-linear roles of the model constraints. Reasonably based financial verdicts hold a gigantic normative characteristic (Bijak, 45). This report paper will explain in detail its purpose, objectives, methodology, limitations and ethical concerns in the study. The first four chapters bring in the research work and an overview of Bayesian analysis of the HMM-GARCH models in Finance. The subsequent two chapters illustrate the assessment of the HMM-GARCH models with standard improvements. Real financial data is used based on this estimate models. It is noted that still for hefty data analysis the perimeter calculate approximately and distance varies between the two models. Care must be used when basing judgments for these two classes of models. The last two chapters reflect on the limitations and ethical concerns associated with these two models. Introduction to the Problem A particle filtering technique is offered to chronological evaluation that will erect on the change- point model of Chib. GARCH models can not be estimated with an unidentified quantity of states through subsisting MCMC procedures. No procedures of computing trivial probabilities of these models exist. Therefore, it is highly not convenient to approximate these categories of models by using at hand MCMC methods. This can be possible if one is ready to assume that the integer of break points is also called a priori (Sebe et al, 36). Centre of attention must be on the in order filtering issue other than the smoothing issue of MCMC model. The path reliance that structural breaks persuade in GARCH models is removed. This is due to the main reason that merely the one-step-ahead prognostic sharing is needed in computation. This therefore, is a fundamental point in excess of two potential states unconfirmed on restrictions in the proposed structural fracture model (Francq et al, 37). Purpos e of the Study The Bayesian analysis of HMM-GARCH models in Finance permits the figure of breaks as well as models to be used in this research. Algorithms made up approximated the model parameters and the integers of structural breaks at each indicate. This is founded on a particular run of the particle filter algorithm. This therefore, makes the models use to be computationally proficiency (Terrell, 27). The confronting global scenery of set models administration is set apart by the ambiguity of the financial markets. The financial sector is always in an invariable activity. A good example of this; is the financial stock market where financial figures change at every moment. Therefore, the financial trade market is at constant change of financial integers. Incessantly, transforming the jeopardy or profit models manipulate on the latent of variation of intercontinental plus points distribution. The regime-switching models demonstrated enables, the two dissimilar systems. This is by the careful computation of the self-motivated risk or profit structure of any international benefit. The additional room to take account of singular asset types; for example alternative assets, stocks and bonds and in an

Marketing Plan Development Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing Plan Development Blog - Assignment Example The installation of efficient telecommunication system at the companys offices ensures that even at night, the machine generated reply is sent to the consumer. It assures him/ her that the responsible personnel will attend to the inquiry when they report to work. The company also has its own suppliers and has leased out quarries for obtaining its raw materials. This ensures all times the supply be less than the demand. As a result of a pre-arranged deal with the suppliers, the production costs are low for the company translating to a pocket friendly cost of the same to the consumers (Valentin, 2004). With low prices, the company can be competitive in the market. Due to the businesss young age, it becomes difficult to acquire loans and other financial assistance from financial institutions(Valentin, 2004). The requirement by these facilities requiring a certain cash flow for a company to be eligible for such services has hindered the growth of the company. It has resulted in the company losing out on big tenders requiring large capital to facilitate the consumer needs. The increase in mortgage offers and good financial times in the country has resulted in a boom, in the real estate sector. Thus with enough resources and efficient services it will be easier to acquire new markets for the products being offered by the company such as sand and gravel plus the offer on transportation of the same to the construction site. The external factors that threaten the success and future of the company among others include political and legal interference by third parties(Valentin, 2004). The government has set up environmental agencies that have become critical of open quarries being left after mining. Thus, it has been gazette that such sites be filled after the quarrying seizes subjecting the company to additional operation costs. Another threat is the emergence of other construction trucking companies which have flooded

Magazine articles Essay Example for Free

Magazine articles Essay This paper summarizes two articles related to physics. One, written by Appell David, discussing the possibility of our planet Earth, being engulfed by sun, eventually. Second, is a news item, on the largest Neutrino Telescopic being built at the south Pole. Both articles have appeared in the magazine, ‘Science Daily’. In the first article, the writer claims that the scientific community believes that the sun is expanding making itself more brighter. After billions of years, it would expand so much that it would engulf earth. To be precise, â€Å"About 7. 6 billion years from now, the sun will reach its maximum size as a red giant: its surface will extend beyond Earth’s orbit today by 20 percent and will shine 3,000 times brighter. In its final stage, the sun will collapse into a white dwarf †. ( David Appell) This theory was disagreed on the basis that, as Sun expands, it will be loosing on its mass, and due that the gravitation force will also be reduced. Hence, as the gravitation force reduces, Earth will be drifting away from Sun, and hence, maybe able to escape the engulfment. However, recent calculations, based on the perturbation theory, released by Italy’s National Institute of Nuclear Physics, by Lorenzo Lorio, tend to agree with this theory. The factor that tends credibility to his argument is not his number game, but his statement that as Sun loses mass and expands, its rotation must also slow down. This is known as angular momentum, in simple terms. Due to this angular momentum, there will be a huge tidal bow on sun’s surface, and its gravitational pull will engulf Earth. Hence, all celestial bodies, within a distance of 1. 5 AU will be engulfed. This article throws a new light on our futuristic cosmic vision, using principle of physics, which quite old. Now, the concept of angular momentum, can be used to depict the future of celestial bodies also. This was not the case so far. The second article is a news report, on work being done University of Delaware, in the South pole, regarding erection of world’s largest neutrino telescope. Neutrino, is one of the fundamental constituents of matter, they have no charge and interact very weakly, so they can travel millions of miles through space. They can pass through planets also. The working principle of this telescope is radically different from the conventional ones. â€Å"consists of kilometer-long strings of 60 optical detectors frozen more than a mile deep in the Antarctic ice like beads on a necklace. Atop each string of deep detectors sits a pair of 600-gallon Ice-Top tanks, each containing two optical detectors†. (Science news) The ice-top detectors measure the particles that are generated by the high-energy cosmic rays that are continuously being showered from the cosmos, towards earth. Whenever a flash of light is detected, the nearby laboratory receives the communication, and its genesis is traced. This genesis could be way an exploding star or a the black hole. The learning derived from this news report is the drastic pace at which research methods are changing and being innovated upon. This new research method, of mounting a telescope beneath the ocean, may change the definition of telescope also, because, conventionally. , a telescope is a instrument on the surface of Earth, facing the skies !!! It also reminds us of the never ending human thirst for acquisition of knowledge, in all spheres, including the terrestrial space. To quench this thirst, he constantly keeps on deriving and experimenting with new means and methods. Renaissance, and the subsequent development of subordinate equipment systems, ahs changed the very way we live our lives !!! References: 1) Appell David, ( September 2008), â€Å" The sun will eventually engulf Earth-maybe†, retrieved on 11 December 2008 from : http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? id=the-sun-will-eventually-engulf-earth- maybe 2) Science news, ( 11 December 2008) Building world’s largest Neutrino Telescope at South Pole, Science Daily, retrieved on 12 December 2008 from: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/12/081209221746. htm

Big Brothers Essay -- essays research papers

Becoming a mentor can have a tremendous impact on the life of a youngster. Children need someone to look up to that doesn’t necessarily need be a part of their immediate family. Sometimes they have no siblings, or maybe their siblings or parents are busy. Perhaps they have no grandparents to do things with. These children are the ones that spend their afternoons in crowded after school programs where they may not get the attention the crave. This may lead to isolation and oppositely over hyperactive children starved for attention. In other cases, some children who are not so fortunate as to be offered after-school programs are subject to the world outside all on their own. In too many cases, these are the children that become statistics. These are the children who turn to drugs or crime, be it out of fear, or simply to feel accepted. Accepted in the wrong crowds still may comfort a lonely child. One of the most renowned mentoring agencies is a non-profit organization called big brothers/ big sisters of America. A man who saw a young boy sifting through the trash for food created this establishment over 90 years ago. He took the boy home, fed him, and then met his poverty-stricken family. From that point on, he became a mentor to the little boy, and this inspired him to form the organization for other boys, and in following years, a group of Christian women created a program for little girls. The soon joined forces and became the big brothers and big sisters of America. I...

Malcomes final speech Essay

In Malcomes final speech he describes Lady Macbeth as a fiend like â€Å"queen†. Explain how far you think this description of her is justified Lady Macbeth is a very essential character to the play. She is singly responsible for the most tragedy and destruction throughout the play. She is very responsible because she is the one who talks to and persuades Macbeth. But she cannot be purely seen as an evil influence for she is a much more complex character then many would think. We first see Lady Macbeth in act one, scene five when she is reading the letter that Macbeth sent her. When reading the letter, she reads it in an innocent ladylike voice that we will not see much of until later on in the script. As she calmly reads the letter you can see her slowly spiralling towards the more evil sinister way. The letter is read as if he was writing it to his â€Å"Dearest partner of greatness†. He treats her with a lot of respect as if she is an equal. This would seem to be very awkward to an audience in the Shakespearean era for women were seen to be inferior to men. She decides on Macbeth’s behalf that they are to kill the King Duncan, without Macbeths approval. The only problem is that she thinks that Macbeth is â€Å"too full of th’ milk of human kindness† to commit such an evil task. She then thinks that she had the power to alter Macbeth’s mind like an evil conscience. This makes her more evil than seen so far for she is seen as an evil presence. Lady Macbeth feels that in order to commit the murderous task herself she will need to look for help of evil ghosts and spirits to take her body and do the dirty deeds for her. She suggests strong sentences to â€Å"unsex her † and turn her evil. â€Å"Come to my women’s breasts And take my milk for gall.† In Shakespeare’s time the average person in the audience still believed in witches, evil sprits, potions and evil presences, so they would be scared as if it were real. The audience will also look at her in a very strange, different way for she is willing to give up all her femininity for a natural evil. She continues to make obscene comments to hell. â€Å"Come thick night and pull the In the dunnest smokes of hell.† She says this because she wants not to be discovered for it will cost her life if she was discovered. For a stage production I would start with her sitting in darkness on a chair alone with the spot light on her. She would wear a white dress to promote her innocence. The background music would be slow, low and quiet in a solitary tune. As she starts to ponder evil thoughts, I would slowly creep up in tempo and make all the notes more sinister. She would get up and keep her head down as she wanders around the stage reading the letter. As soon as she finishes reading the letter she will raise her head and start to whisper her lines to the audience making eye contact. The lights would be dim as she goes from side to side on the stage. She will get louder and louder until the servant walks in and after he leaves she will continue walking from side to side getting louder and louder until her husband enters and a red light will fade in as she explains the plot to Macbeth. The second time we see her is when she is at dinner acting sweet and innocent when at heart she is completely evil and filled with hate and gall. Duncan ironically and innocently speaks of sweet and good air which has a ironic relationship to Lady Macbeths earlier quote â€Å"The dunnest smokes of hell† in the last scene. In Act 1, Scene 7 we see Lady Macbeth for the third time. She is alone in the bedroom with Macbeth discussing their hidden sinister plan to kill king Duncan and steal his throne. In this scene we can see again how much influence on Macbeth, Lady Macbeth has. Macbeth decides that he wishes not to conduct in this evil scheme any further, but once again Lady Macbeth bends and twists Macbeths mind to see the opportinity the way she does. An audience would again be surprised to see a women taking more or less complete control over Macbeth. Her character would seem very masculine and the power over Macbeth would seem to be some sort of witch’s spell, again making her seem more evil than she really is. It would not be surprising to see lady Macbeth fall to even lower levels of murder and in justice for all her goodness and innocence has been completely corrupted by greed, therefore making her nothing more than a victim to her inner evil. Macbeth stands for shining goodness in that moment that he refuses to commit this disruption of the hierarchy for it would not only be a murderous crime, it would also mean that he has turned his back on his God, for the king was seen to be God’s representative on earth. Lady Macbeth uses blackmail to get him to obey her. She starts to accuse him of not loving her and not acting like a real man treats his wife. This is ironic, for she does not treat him as a real husband, but none the less she gets her way through these obscene accusations of him being a coward â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem† The last time we see Lady Macbeth is in Act 5 Scene 1, after all planned has successfully happened. In this scene we can see how the aftermath of the killings has actually affected lady Macbeth. The scene begins with lady Macbeth being analysed by a doctor and his decision is that she is suffering mentally. Lady Macbeth is mentally scared and is sleepwalking in anguish. Lady Macbeth is constantantly rubbing and washing this certain spot in her palm because she (and only she) can see a red â€Å"damned spot† of blood. She is conveying images of the murder and she is speaking of the killing of an old man ( King Duncan ). â€Å"Who would have thought the old man had so much blood in him† Through sleep walking and being nervous we can see that Lady Macbeth does have a conscious and is liable to greed instead of being this evil monster which the audience has all seen before. The audience for the first time would start to understand and see that all the evil within her was â€Å"evil spirits† and the greed assigned to every human being. In this last scene with her, as she fall apart we can see all her greed and wickedness being stripped from her just leaving her an image of pure, innocent child like women. As Lady Macbeth becomes mentality ill and losses all her influence and greed it is as if Macbeth and his wife have swooped feelings and brains. Her obsession with a â€Å"damned spot† of blood which she cannot remove from her hand contrasts with her attitude to the blood after Duncan’s murder, when she says: â€Å"A little water cleans us of this deed† The way an actress would perform this scene would be very different from the way she would act in Act 1 Scene. Her face would be pale and without make-up, and she would wear a white nightdress to suggest return to a vulnerable childlike state. Her voice would be frail and trembling, and some lines, such as â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife† would be spoken like child reciting a nursery rhyme. Referring back to the title question, I think that Lady Macbeth cannot be fully justified as a â€Å"Fiend† for she is a normal women who is corrupted by greed and I am sure that many people in the same situation would be very tempted to do something similar.

Bourgeoisie & money

The pictures represent the emotion of the people. Not only are they struggling to maintain what they have and who they are – they are still seeking. In their eyes they are looking for a way – a way forward – or a way out of their situation. The images reflect that control the Bourgeoisie had over the working class. They controlled the money and the industry. Those who did the labor to make the production levels – received very little reward for their efforts. Neither monetarily or in satisfaction of what they were doing. This is reflected in many of these pictures.A person in the industrial working class often lived a life of want. Never having enough income or wealth to move out of the social class they were in. Resentment was a common emotion towards the Bourgeoisie from the industrial working class. This emotion is what Marxism used to build a movement around, The working class felt there was nothing they could do to get up to the next level of what the y perceived as social classification. The latter nineteenth century gave birth to a generation who was resentful of where they were at in social class.A generation who wanted more than the Bourgeoisie were willing to part with. The Bourgeoisie had control – and were very protective of the control they enjoyed. The working class was hoping for a way out of their situation – they wanted more control and more freedom that increased control and wealth could give them. The pictures identify clearly the emotion of this segment of society – and the yearning for something different. There are no answers in their eyes, only questions and confusion. The answers and clarity they were seeking was still a generation away.

Lawrence M. Lambe - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Lawrence M. Lambe - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Lawrence M. Lambe Born/Died: 1849-1934 Nationality: Canadian Dinosaurs Named: Chasmosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Euoplocephalus, Styracosaurus About Lawrence M. Lambe The 1880s and 1890s, when Lawrence M. Lambe made his major discoveries, were the dinosaur equivalent of the Gold Rush. The existence of dinosaurs had only recently been proposed (though their fossils had been known from time immemorial), and researchers all over the world rushed to dig up whatever they could. Working for the Geological Survey of Canada, Lambe was responsible for unearthing the famous fossil beds of Alberta, which yielded a huge number of previously unknown genera (many of which were hadrosaurs and ceratopsians). As a mark of the esteem in which he is held by other paleontologists, the hadrosaur Lambeosaurus was named after Lambe. As befitting their size, dinosaurs tend to overshadow Lambes other achievements in paleontology, which arent nearly as well known. For example, he was a noted specialist in the prehistoric fishes of the Devonian period, and had a keen interest in extinct insects as well; he also named the common Canadian fossil crocodile Leidysuchus after another famous American paleontologist, Joseph Leidy.

Helen of Troy in the Iliad of Homer

Helen of Troy in the Iliad of Homer The Iliad describes the conflicts between Achilles and his leader, Agamemnon, and between Greeks and Trojans, following the abduction of Agamemnons sister-in-law, Helen of Sparta (aka Helen of Troy), by the Trojan prince Paris. Helens precise role in the abduction is unknown  since  the event is a matter of legend rather than historical fact and has been variously interpreted in literature. In Helen in the Iliad: Causa Belli and Victim of War: From Silent Weaver to Public Speaker, Hanna M. Roisman looks at the limited details that show Helens perception of events, people, and her own guilt. The following is my understanding of the details Roisman provides. Helen of Troy appears only 6 times in the Iliad, four of which are in the third book, one appearance in Book VI, and a final appearance in the last (24th) book. The first and last appearances are specified in the title of Roismans article. Helen has mixed feelings because she feels some complicity in her own abduction and realizes how much death and suffering has been the result. That her Trojan husband is not terribly manly compared with his brother or her first husband only increases her feelings of regret. However, it is not clear that Helen had any choice. She is, after all, a possession, one of many ​Paris stole from Argos, although the only one he is unwilling to return (7.362-64). Helens fault lies in her beauty rather than in her acts, according to the old men at the Scaean Gate (3.158). Helen's First Appearance Helens first appearance is when the goddess Iris [See Hermes for information on the status of Iris in the Iliad], disguised as a sister-in-law, comes to summon Helen from her weaving. Weaving is a typically wifely occupation, but the subject Helen is weaving is unusual  since she is depicting the suffering of the Trojan War heroes. Roisman argues this shows Helens willingness to take responsibility for precipitating the deadly course of events. Iris, who summons Helen to witness a duel between her two husbands to decide with whom she will live, inspires Helen with a longing for her original husband, Menelaus. Helen does not appear to see behind the disguise to the goddess and goes compliantly, without uttering a word. Then Iris came as messenger to white-armed Helen,taking on the image of her sister-in-law,wife of Antenors son, fine Helicaon.Her name was Laodice, of all Priams daughtersthe most beautiful. She found Helen in her room,weaving a large cloth, a double purple cloak,creating pictures of the many battle scenesbetween horse-taming Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans,wars they suffered for her sake at the hands of Ares.Standing near by, swift-footed Iris said:Come here, dear girl.Look at the amazing things going on.Horse-taming Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans,men who earlier were fighting one anotherin wretched war out there on the plain,both keen for wars destruction, are sitting still.Alexander and war-loving Menelausare going to fight for you with their long spears.The man who triumphs will call you his dear wife.With these words the goddess set in Helens heartsweet longing for her former husband, city, parents. Covering herself with a white shawl, she left the house, shedding tears. Helen's Second Appearance Helens second appearance in the Iliad is with the old men at the Scaean Gate. Here Helen actually speaks, but only in response to Trojan King Priams addressing her. Although the war has been waged for 9 years and the leaders are presumably well known, Priam asks Helen to identify men who turn out to be Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Ajax. Roisman believes this was a conversational gambit rather than a reflection of Priams ignorance. Helen responds politely and with flattery, addressing Priam as Dear father-in-law, you arouse in me both respect and awe, 3.172. She then adds that she regrets ever having left her homeland and daughter, and, continuing the theme of her responsibility, she is sorry that she has caused the death of those slain in war. She says she wishes she had not followed Priams son, thereby deflecting some of the blame from herself, and possibly laying it at Priams feet as guilty by virtue of having helped create such a son. They soon reached the Scaean Gates.Oucalegaon and Antenor, both prudent men,elder statesmen, sat at the Scaean Gates, 160with Priam and his entourage- Panthous, Thymoetes,Lampus, Clytius, and warlike Hicataeon. Old men now,their fighting days were finished, but they all spoke well.They sat there, on the tower, these Trojan elders,like cicadas perched up on a forest branch, chirpingtheir soft, delicate sounds. Seeing Helen approach the tower,they commented softly to each other- their words had wings:Theres nothing shameful about the factthat Trojans and well-armed Achaeanshave endured great suffering a long time 170over such a woman- just like a goddess,immortal, awe-inspiring. Shes beautiful.But nonetheless let her go back with the ships.Let her not stay here, a blight on us, our children.So they talked. Priam then called out to Helen.Come here, dear child. Sit down in front of me,so you can see your first husband, your friends,your relatives. As far as Im concerned,you bear no blame . For I blame the gods.They drove me to wage this wretched war 180against Achaeans. Tell me, whos that large man,over there, that impressive, strong Achaean?Others may be taller by a head than him,but Ive never seen with my own eyessuch a striking man, so noble, so like a king.Then Helen, goddess among women, said to Priam:My dear father-in-law, whom I respect and honour,how I wish Id chosen evil deathwhen I came here with your son, leaving behindmy married home, companions, darling child, 190and friends my age. But things didnt work that way.So I weep all the time. But to answer you,that man is wide-ruling Agamemnon,son of Atreus, a good king, fine fighter,and once he was my brother-in-law,if that life was ever real. Im such a whore.Priam gazed in wonder at Agamemnon, saying:Son of Atreus, blessed by the gods, fortunes child,divinely favoured, many long-haired Achaeansserve under you. Once I went to Phrygia, 200that vine-rich land, where I saw Phrygian troopswith all their horses, th ousands of them,soldiers of Otreus, godlike Mygdon,camped by the banks of the Sangarius river. I was their ally, part of their army,the day the Amazons, mens peers in war,came on against them. But those forces thenwere fewer than these bright-eyed Achaeans.The old man then spied Odysseus and asked:Dear child, come tell me who this man is, 210shorter by a head than Agamemnon,son of Atreus. But he looks broaderin his shoulders and his chest. His armours stackedthere on the fertile earth, but he strides on,marching through mens ranks just like a rammoving through large white multitudes of sheep.Yes, a woolly ram, thats what he seems to me.Helen, child of Zeus, then answered Priam:That man is Laertes son, crafty Odysseus,raised in rocky Ithaca. Hes well versed 220in all sorts of tricks, deceptive strategies.At that point, wise Antenor said to Helen:Lady, what you say is true. Once lord Odysseuscame here with war-loving Menelaus,as an ambassador in your affairs.I received them both in my residenceand entertained them. I got to know them- from their appearance and their wise advice. Speech continues... Helen's Third Appearance Helens third appearance in the Iliad is with Aphrodite, whom Helen takes to task. Aphrodite is in disguise, as Iris had been, but Helen sees straight through it. Aphrodite, representing blind lust, appears before Helen to summon her to Paris bed at the conclusion of the duel between Menelaus and Paris, which had ended with the survival of both men. Helen is aggravated with Aphrodite and her approach to life. Helen insinuates that Aphrodite would really like Paris for herself. Helen then makes a peculiar comment, that going to Paris bedchamber will arouse snide comments among the women of the city. This is odd because Helen has been living as Paris wife for nine years. Roisman says this shows that Helen is now longing for social acceptance among the Trojans. Goddess, why do you wish to deceive me so?Are you going to take me still further off, [400]to some well populated city somewherein Phrygia or beautiful Maeonia,because youre in love with some mortal manand Menelaus has just beaten Parisand wants to take me, a despised woman, 450back home with him? Is that why youre here,you and your devious trickery?Why dont you go with Paris by yourself,stop walking around here like a goddess,stop directing your feet toward Olympus,and lead a miserable life with him,caring for him, until he makes you his wife [410]or slave. I wont go to him in there - that would be shameful, serving him in bed.Every Trojan woman would revile me afterwards. 460Besides, my heart is hurt enough already. (Book III) Helen has no real choice in whether or not to go to Paris room. She will go, but since she is concerned with what the others think, she covers herself up so as not to be recognized as she goes to Paris bedchamber. Helen's Fourth Appearance The fourth appearance of Helen is with Paris, to whom she is hostile and insulting. If ever she wanted to be with Paris, maturity and the effects of the war have tempered her passion. Paris does not appear to care very much that Helen insults him. Helen is his possession. Youve come back from the fight. How I wish 480youd died there, killed by that strong warriorwho was my husband once. You used to boastyou were stronger than warlike Menelaus, [430]more strength in your hands, more power in your spear.So go now, challenge war-loving Menelausto fight again in single combat.Id suggest you stay away. Dont fight it outman to man with red-haired Menelaus,without further thought. You might well die,come to a quick end on his spear. 490Replying to Helen, Paris said:Wife,dont mock my courage with your insults.Yes, Menelaus has just defeated me,but with Athenas help. Next time Ill beat him. [440]For we have gods on our side, too. But come,lets enjoy our love together on the bed.Never has desire so filled my mind as now,not even when I first took you awayfrom lovely Lacedaemon, sailing offin our sea-worthy ships, or when I lay with you 500in our lovers bed on the isle of Cranae.Thats how sweet passion has seized hold of me,how much I want you now. (Book III) Helen's Fifth Appearance The fifth appearance of Helen is in Book IV. Helen and Hector talk in Paris house, where Helen manages the household just like the other Trojan women. In her encounter with Hector, Helen is self-deprecating, calling herself a dog, evil-contriving and abhorred. She says she wishes she had a better husband, implying she wishes she had a husband more like Hector. It sounds as though Helen may be flirting, but in the previous two encounters Helen has shown that lust no longer motivates her, and the praise makes sense without such an insinuation of coquettishness. Hector, you are my brother,and Im a horrible, conniving bitch.I wish that on that day my mother bore mesome evil wind had come, carried me away,and swept me off, up into the mountains,or into waves of the tumbling, crashing sea, 430then I would have died before this happened.But since gods have ordained these evil things,I wish Id been wife to a better man, [350]someone sensitive to others insults,with feeling for his many shameful acts.This husband of mine has no sense now,and he wont acquire any in the future.I expect hell get from that what he deserves.But come in, sit on this chair, my brother,since this trouble really weighs upon your mind- 440all because I was a bitch- because of thatand Paris folly, Zeus gives us an evil fate,so we may be subjects for mens songsin generations yet to come. (Book VI) Helen's Sixth Appearance Helens final appearance in the Iliad is in Book 24, at Hectors funeral, where she is distinct from the other mourning women, Andromache, Hectors wife, and Hecuba, his mother, in two ways. (1) Helen praises Hector as a family man where they concentrate on his military prowess. (2) Unlike the other Trojan women, Helen will not be taken as a slave. She will be reunited with Menelaus as his wife. This scene is the first and last time she is included with other Trojan women in a public event. She has achieved a measure of acceptance just as the society to which she aspired is about to be destroyed. As she spoke, Hecuba wept. She stirred them on [760]to endless lamentation. Helen was the thirdto lead those women in their wailing:Hector- of all my husbands brothers,youre by far the dearest to my heart.My husbands godlike Alexander, 940who brought me here to Troy. I wish Id diedbefore that happened! This is the twentieth yearsince I went away and left my native land,but Ive never heard a nasty word from youor an abusive speech. In fact, if anyoneever spoke rudely to me in the house- one of your brothers or sisters, some brotherswell-dressed wife, or your mother- for your father [770]always was so kind, as if he were my own- youd speak out, persuading them to stop, 950using your gentleness, your soothing words.Now I weep for you and for my wretched self,so sick at heart, for theres no one elsein spacious Troy whos kind to me and friendly.They all look at me and shudder with disgust.Helen spoke in tears. The huge crowd joined in their lament. (Book XXIV) Roisman says the changes in the behavior of Helen do not reflect personal growth, but the graduated unveiling of her personality in all its richness. Source: Helen in the Iliad; Causa Belli and Victim of War: From Silent Weaver to Public Speaker, AJPh 127 (2006) 1-36, Hanna M. Roisman.

STEEP ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRY OF PULP AND PAPER Essay

STEEP ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRY OF PULP AND PAPER - Essay Example ronic medium of communication or the digitization and automation in the every aspect of business the need for physical paper has shown a decline in the recent ages (Barney, 1991). The use of the electronic medium in the businesses has affected this industry. This has led to a decline in the purchase of the paper and pulp. However, a number of new technologies have been adopted by the manufacturers which would be cost efficient and would lead to rise in the revenue of the companies. The technological shift would also lead to a rise in the production of the paper in the country. However, as most of the companies are moving towards sustainability the use of hardcopy paper using for mails and documentation are getting reduced. Since the major inputs for the manufacturing of paper and pulp is tree, the manufacturers have become more inclined towards eco friendly. This has led to a rise in the demand for the hand-made paper or of materials which are made up of recyclable products and thereby saving a lot of trees. The manufacturing companies also have to be conscious about the balance in the emissions during the process of production (Chhabra, 2010). There are a number of laws pertaining to the environmental auditing and regulations which has been set by the government of the country. The companies have to ensure that these laws are not violated while they are undertaking their production process. There is a lot of variety of paper that is being produced in India. For each of the qualities the pricing of the paper varies and hence the revenue from the expensive category of the product is quite low. Canada has a stable political environment. Along with that the trade relations with the United States and the participation in the NAFTA has helped the country to move towards a better economic position and have helped the country to complete in the larger world

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The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided empirical evidence in favour of what is now referred to as t - Essay Example The results of the experiment have been proved by many other researchers in later studies, which explored the small-world effect in various types of networks. It has been verified that the small-world effect can be seen in different extent in a number of the real-world networks. The small-world phenomenon has made a great contribution in the theory of networks as it helped to better understand the structure and dynamics of the complex networks. This paper intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in three main classes of networks – random graphs, scale-free networks and small-world networks. Keywords: networks, social networks, small-world, six degree, random graph, scale-free networks. Introduction It is widely acknowledged that networks are all around people; and people themselves as socio-biological systems are, for the most part, products of biochemical reactions and social relationships occurring in netwo rks. Networks are studied since 1736, at first in the domain of mathematical graph theory (Biggs et al., 1986), which has been gradually developed into the solid branch of knowledge that studies nature and properties of different networks, from very simple to large and complex networks that have irregular structure and complex dynamics. Examples of such networks can be found everywhere in nature and in society – food networks of biological species, communication networks and the Internet, social networks between individuals, transportation networks, metabolic and neural networks, and many others. Nowadays the study of networks got significant achievements in understanding of specific features, some of which have been investigated in depth only in the past few decades, with the advent of information and communications technologies and, particularly, the Internet. One of the fundamental features of networks was discovered in 1967, when a famous social psychologist Stanley Milgr am conducted a series of experiments, revealing that in spite of the enormous number of the global population, our world is actually rather small - any individual on the planet can reach any other individual through about six contacts in their social network. The phenomenon was called the small-world effect, while the modern popular scientific literature often mentions it as the â€Å"six degrees of separation† effect (Watts, 1999). The results of the Milgram’s experiments have been proved in a large number of experiments of other researchers. The phenomenon appears to be extremely useful for understanding the structure and dynamics of processes that takes place in different networks, for example the dynamics of spread of information across the network, or the dynamics of diffusions of epidemic diseases in a society. The small-world effect can be viewed in different networks; however, each of these networks has the distinctive characteristics, related to its structure and dynamics, so there are certain differences in the manifestations of the small-world effect in various networks. This essay intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in networks, namely, in three main kinds of networks – in classical random graphs; in scale-free networks, introduced by Barabasi and Albert (1999); and in small-world networks, invented by Watts and Strogatz (1998). The paper is aimed to show

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Character analysis on young Goodman Brown - Thesis Example In Young Goodman Brown, the character of Brown changes from faith and innocence to corruption and doubts as the devils distorts the way he thinks and perceives valuable people in his life. The faith and goodness of Brown are seen in the way he treats his father, grandfather, minister, and wife. He looks up to the goodness of his father and grandfather and the minister. Brown believes in the true Christina nature of the minister of Salem because he is a man of God. His wife Faith comes into his life a young immaculate and beautiful woman. He invests all his trust in the life of his wife, and life seems good in his belief that he has found a true partner to share his life happiness and glory. Faith is a staunch Christian, who is an epitome of good and purity but not until the devils come knocking on their doors. Brown’s innocence is lost when the devil visits his home and changes the way he views the valuable people in his life. Brown interjects, â€Å"what if the devil himself should be at my very elbow† (9). His wife Faith is no longer the pious and religious figure, and he hopes that the character would persist for the rest of her life. However, the arrival of the devil elicits doubts about the true nature of faith. He starts doubting her after seeing him in the evil ceremony in the forest. The devil also reveals the two followers, Deacon Gookin, and Goody Cloyse that Brown has known all along that they are staunch Christians (Hawthorne 16). The character of Brown here is seen to shaky because he is convinced to think otherwise about the community he has known his entire life. The arrival of the devil changes the faith and innocence of Brown to corruption. The evil nature of the people around him comes as a surprise, and that convinces him that the entire Puritan society is hypocritical. The revelations that come to him give him a different perspective of the society that he knows professes its Christian faith in

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner ABSTRACT Power electronics is playing an important role in transmission and utilization of electrical power due to its capability of processing electric power in most efficient and cost-effective way. However, the nonlinear characteristics of power electronic devices give rise to two important limitations; they generate harmonics and draw lagging current from the utility. In recent years unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is being used as a universal active power conditioning device to compensate both harmonics as well as reactive power. UPQC is an advanced version of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The performance of UPQC mainly depends upon how quickly and accurately compensation signals are derived. The UPQC mitigates harmonics and provides reactive power to the power systems network so as to improve the power factor close to unity. The UPQC is a combination of shunt active and series active power filters connected through a dc bus. The shunt active filter of UPQC acts as a current source for injecting compensating current through a shunt transformer, whereas, the series active filter acts as a voltage source for feeding compensating voltage through a series transformer. The aim of the dissertation work is to study the control strategies of UPQC based on PI controller and fuzzy logic controller in detail. In the case of PI controller, the dc link voltage is sensed at regular intervals and is compared with a reference value. The error signal thus derived is processed in a PI controller. A limit is put on the output of the controller to ensure that the shunt active power filter supplies active power of the load through the series active power filter. The fuzzy logic controller is basically nonlinear and adaptive in nature. This gives a robust performance in the cases where the effects of parameter variation of controller are also taken into consideration. It is a well established fact that the fuzzy logic controller yields results that are superior to those obtained as compare to those obtained through conventional controllers such as PI and PID because of the fact that it is based on linguistic variable set theory and does not require a mathematical model. Generally, the input variables are error and rate of change of error. If the error if coarse, the fuzzy controller provide coarse tuning to the output variable and if the error is fine it provides fine tuning of the output variable. The present thesis investigates PI controller and fuzzy logic controller as concerned to UPQC application for power quality improvement. The UPQC is studied and its advantages over conventional APFs and UPFC are discussed in detail. The relevant mathematical models and equations to explain the working of UPFC are derived for both the cases (PI controller and fuzzy logic controller).The relevant simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The result obtained reveals that the fuzzy logic controller gives better dynamic performance than the PI controller for power quality improvement. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Theory The electrical power system consisting of generation, transmission and distribution system are based on alternative voltage and currents. When linear load consisting of inductances, capacitances and resistances are connected to the power system the sine wave is preserved and the system components are said to be linear. Traditionally, linear loads consume major part of electrical power. However situation has changed now as more and more electrical power are being developed using power electronic devices due to their energy efficiency and control. Power electronic devices possess inherent non linear characteristics. The nonlinear characteristics of this devices results in two important limitations, drawing of large reactive volt-amperes and injection of harmonics into the utility. Large reactive volt-amperes drawn from the utility leads to increase voltage drops at various buses. The harmonics increase the losses in transformers, generators, motors, capacitors, conductors, etc. some of the control devices interfaced with the utility starts malfunctioning due to excessive harmonic currents. As the non linear load consists of the major portion of the total load for the last two three decades, reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering have received a great deal of attention. To restrict the consumers against excessive loading VARs and harmonics, stricter standards has been laid down by the utilities. Most popular among them is standard 519-1992 [1]. Static VAR compensators using thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) and thyristor control inductors (TCI) [2], [3] have been traditionally used for reactive power compensation. As the VAR generated in these schemes are directly proportional to the energy storage capability of capacitors and inductors, there is considerable increase in the size of these elements when the VARs to be compensated are large. Moreover TSC and TCI produce additional current harmonics. Therefore shunt passive filters require filtering them out. Active power filter (APF) using voltage or current source inverter can be used for reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering together. The major advantage of using voltage source or current source inverter is that the size of the energy storing element is drastically reduced as compare to TSC or TCI. The shunt APF is the most commonly used APF. The power circuit of shunt APF is shown in Fig. 1.1. In shunt APF, a reactive volt ampere calculation estimates the real component of the load current, Ipland then determines the resistive component of the load current by subtracting Ipl from IL(Iql= IL-Ipl). If nonlinearity present in the load current, it is present in Iql as well. Since compensation current Icomp is made to follow Iql, load harmonics also get eliminated. Apart from shunt APF various other APF topologies such as series active filter, hybrid series active filter and power line conditioner have been proposed in the literature. The series active filter as shown in Fig. 1.2 is connected in series with supply mains using a matching transformer. Its limitation is that the presence of active impedance in series with source produces voltage harmonics. IL = Ipl +Iql Source Icomp = Iql Source Source side Series transformer Load side Shunt transformer DC Link Capacitor Converter 1 converter 2 Using combine series APF and shunt APF unified power flow controller (UPFC) realized, which performs active power compensation, reactive power compensation and phase angle regulation. UPFC believed to be the most complete power conditioning device. But as the time changes, problem also changes. Now days electrical engineers facing problem regarding harmonic compensation, voltage sag and voltage flickering and UPFC is not able to overcome these problems. So a new concept based on UPFC derived called unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) as shown in Fig. 1.3, which performs all the basic functions of UPFC in addition it also compensate for current /voltage harmonics with constant voltage maintenance at load terminals. 1.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner The UPQC is the most versatile and complex of the FACTS devices, combining the features of the STATCOM and the SSSC. The UPQC can provide simultaneous control of all basic power system parameters, transmission voltage harmonic compensation, impedance and phase angle. It is recognized as the most sophisticated power flow controller currently, and probably the most expensive one. The basic components of the UPQC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs) sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through coupling transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer. A basic UPQC functional scheme is shown in Fig.1.3. The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So, this i nverter will exchange active and reactive power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power absorbed from the line by the UPQC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point [8]-[11]. A conventional UPQC topology is comprised of the integration of two active power filters connected back to back to a common dc link bus. A simple block diagram of a typical UPQC is shown in Fig. 1.4. The first active filter connected in series through an injection transformer is commonly termed as series filters (SF). It acts as a controlled voltage generator. It has capability of voltage imbalance compensation, voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer PCC. In addition to this, it provides harmonic isolation between a sub-transmission system and a distribution system. A UPQC consists of combination of shunt active filter and series active filter with a common dc link as shown in Fig. 1.4. The dc link capacitor allows the active power generated by the shunt active filter and active power drawn by the series filter to be same. Further dc link capacitor increases or decreases with respect to rated voltage which depends upon power generated and absorbed by both active filter can be choosen independently which gives flexibility to the power outlet. The performance of these active filters is based on three basic design criteria. They are: Design of power inverter (semiconductor switches, inductances, capacitors, dc voltage); PWM control method (hysteresis, triangular carrier, periodical sampling); Method used to obtain the current reference or the control strategy used to generate the reference template. Both series voltage control and shunt current control involve use of voltage source converters. Both these inverters each consisting of six IGBTs with anti parallel diode connected with each IGBT are operated in current control mode employing PWM control technique. Capacitor is used as an interface between the two back to back connected inverters and the voltage across it acts as the dc voltage source driving the inverters The two VSIs can work independently of each other by separating the dc side. So in that case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the voltage magnitude at the connection point. Instead, the series inverter is operating as SSSC that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the current flow, and hence the power flows on the transmission line. The UPQC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current into the transmission line. The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes: (1) VAR Control Mode:The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required. (2)Automatic Voltage Control Mode:The shunt inverter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference value.. The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways: Direct Voltage Injection Mode:The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage. Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage. Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in series with the line impedance. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode:The reference inputs are values of active and reactive power to maintain the transmission line despite system changes. A UPQC control strategy should preferably have following attributes: (1) Shunt converter Reactive power control by shunt current injection Real power regulation through dc link capacitor DC capacitor voltage regulation Harmonic compensation (2) Series converter Real reactive power control by series voltage injection Voltage control Phase angle regulation Power factor correction 1.3 Characteristics of UPQC Basic characteristics of UPQC are same as UPFC but UPQC in addition, performs active filtering. The operation of UPQC from the standpoint of conventional power transmission based on reactive shunt compensation, series compensation and phase angle regulation, the UPQC fulfill these functions there by meet multiple control objectives by adding injected voltage with appropriate magnitude and phase angle to the terminal voltage. Using phasor representation, basic UPQC control functions explained: (1)Terminal Voltage Regulation The change in voltage shown in Fig.1.5 is injected in phase or anti phase. UPQC with its series voltage control detects and calculates the required terminal voltage vo to be injected in series with the line to compensate both the dip and swell in the supply voltage. vo + vo vo (2) Series Capacitive Compensation Here, vpq = vc where vcis injected capacitive voltage in quadrature to the line current functionally it is similar to series capacitive and inductive line compensation attained by SSSC as shown in Fig. 1.6. Series inverter in combination with the insertion transformer produces the series injected voltage as calculated to mitigate the effects of the fluctuations of supply voltage by drawing the required power from the dc link. vc vo vo + vc Fig. 1.6 Series capacitive compensation (3) Transmission Angle Regulation Here, vpq = v (ÃŽ ´) is injected with an angular relationship with respect to the voltage that achieves desire phase shift without any change in the magnitude as shown in Fig. 1.7. At any given transmission angle ÃŽ ´, the transmitted real power demand P and reactive power demand at transmission line sending end Qs and receiving end Qr can be freely controlled by UPQC Vc vd ÃŽ ´ vo vo + vÃŽ ´ (4) Multifunction Power Flow Control This property is executed by simultaneous terminal voltage regulation, series capacitive line compensation and phase shifting as shown in Fig.1.8. This function makes UPQC unique device that performs all power quality improvement functions. vc ΔvvÃŽ ´ vpq vo + ÃŽ ´v + vc + vÃŽ ´ (e) Active Filtering The compensating shunt currents generated contain harmonic content of the load current but with opposite polarity such that when they are injected at the point of common coupling the harmonic content of supply current is effectively reduced. As discussed earlier in this chapter. 1.4 Aim of Work This work deals with UPQC, which aims at the integration of series-active and shunt-active power filters. Fig. 1.3 shows the basic system configuration of such a UPQC. In this system, the power supply is assumed to be a three-phase, three-wire system. The two active power filters are composed of two 3-leg voltage source (VSI). The main purpose of the series-APF is harmonic isolation between a sub transmission system and a distribution system. In addition, the series-APF has the capability of voltage imbalance compensation as well as voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer point of common coupling (PCC). Atthe same time, the main purpose of the shunt- APF is to absorb current harmonics, compensate for active power and reactive power injected by the load. Also, the voltage of the DC link capacitor is controlled to a desired value by the shunt-APF. The aim of the dissertation is to design different control strategies for (UPQC), which is one of the major custom power solutions capable of mitigating the effect of supply voltage sag, swell, flicker and spikes at the load end or at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). It also prevents load current harmonics from entering the utility and corrects the input power factor of the load. Further, the main aim of the dissertation is to implement a control strategy for UPQC, modeling of UPQC using simulink and to analyze the control strategy to use the series voltage injection and shunt current injection for UPQC control The control strategies used here are based on PI controller, fuzzy controller. The relative performance of the two controls is also studied. The present work discusses the compensation principle and different control strategies (PI, Fuzzy) of the UPQC in detail [12]-[15]. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of UPQC is examined by considering, a diode rectifier feeding an RL load (non linear load) that acts as a source of harmonics, to the system of concern. The performance is also observed by switching the extra RL load. The simulation results are listed in comparison of different control strategies and for the verification of result [16]-[18]. 1.5 Organization of the Report The report of the work done is organized as follows: Chapter 2 gives brief overview of control strategy of UPQC. In this chapter introduction to dq theory, compensation strategy, basic control function and modeling of UPQC using PI controller discussed with results. Chapter 3 discusses about fuzzy logic controller and implementation in UPQC. Membership functions, rule base table and surface viewer also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 gives comparison studied between fuzzy logic controller and PI controller. Simulation results of both are discussed in detail with the help of table and graphs. The last chapter 5 presents important conclusions and future work. Adequate references provided at the end of the chapter. Chapter 2 CONTROL STRATAGEY FOR UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 2.1 Introduction Control strategy plays vital role in overall performance of power conditioner. Control strategy includes features like rapid detection of harmonic signals by maintaining higher accuracy, fast processing, and faster dynamic response of the controller. The control strategy can be realized using discrete analog and digital devices or advanced programmable devices, such as single chip micro computers, DSPs etc[10]. The control strategy determined by the appropriate switching pattern or signal obtained by compensating gate signal compared obtained by comparing with its reference value. Since derivation of reference signal plays an important role in control strategy, many theories and techniques were proposed in recent years. There are number of control strategies were proposed among them dq method is used in the present work and discussed below: 2.2 dq Transformation It is established that the active filter flows from leading voltage to lagging voltage and reactive power flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Therefore both active and reactive power can be controlled by controlling the phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component of the converter voltage with respect to line voltage. dq theory provides an independent control of active reactive power by controlling phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component with respect to converter voltage According to the dq control theory three-phase line voltages and line currents are converted in to its equivalent two-phase system called stationary reference frame. These quantities further transformed into reference frame called synchronous reference frame. In synchronous reference frame, the components of current corresponding to active and reactive power are controlled in an independent manner. This three-phase dq transformation and dq to three-phase transformation are discussed in detail in this chapter. The outer loop controls the dc bus voltage and the inner loop controls the line currents. The instantaneous real power at any point on line can be defined by: p =vRIR + vBIb + vCIc (2.1) And we can define instantaneous reactive voltage conceptually as a part of three phase voltage set that could be eliminated at any instant without altering p. Reference frame theory based d-q model of shunt active filter is presented in this section. While dealing with instantaneous voltages and currents in three phase circuits mathematically, it is adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space vectors [10]. Vector representation of instantaneous three phase quantities R, Y and B which are displaced by an angle 2Ï€/3 from each other is shown in Fig.2.1 [17]. ÃŽ ² B 90o R ÃŽ ± 120o Y The instantaneous current and voltage space vectors are expressed in terms of instantaneous voltages and currents as: v= [vRvYvB] I = [IR IY IB] (2.2) Instantaneous voltages and currents on the RYB co ordinates can be transformed into the quadrature ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² coordinates by Clarke Transformation as follows: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²v0.=TvRvYvB. (2.3) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ²I0.=TIRIYIB. (2.4) Where Transformation matrix T=2/31-1/2-1/203/2-3/21/21/21/2 (2.5) Since in a balanced three-phase three-wire system neutral current is zero, the zero sequence current does not exist and zero sequence current can also be eliminated using star delta transformer. These voltages in ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² reference frame can further be transformed into rotating d- q reference frame as Fig. 2.2. ÃŽ ² d Y R ÃŽ ± ω B q T1=cosωr-sinωrsinωrcosωr (2.7) Where ωr is the angular velocity of the d- q reference frame as shown in Fig. 2.2. The current components in the d- q reference frame can be similarly obtained using the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² to d-q transformation matrix T1. The unit vector required for this transformation is generated using the grid voltage 2.3 Compensation Strategy vc iL ic VL vs As shown in Fig. 2.3,vs is the supply voltage. vc, Ic are the series compensation voltage, shunt compensation current and vL, iL are the load voltage and current respectively. The source voltage may contain negative, zero as well as harmonic components. The per phase voltage of the system can be expressed as: va=v1pm+sinωtsinÃŽ ¸+valn+k=2∞Vaksin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka (2.8) Where v1pa is the fundamental frequency positive sequence components, v1naand v10a are negative and zero sequence components respectively. The last term of equation represents the harmonic content in the voltage. In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage of: vah=v1an+v10a+ k=2∞vka sin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka 2.9 In the latter section, it will be shown how the series-APF can be designed to operate as a controlled voltage source whose output voltage would be automatically controlled according to the above equation. The functions of the shunt active filter is to provide compensation of the load harmonic current, load reactive power demand and also to maintain dc link current constant. To provide load reactive power demand and compensation of the load harmonic and negative sequence currents, the shunt-APF acts as a controlled current source and its output components should include harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence components in order to compensate these quantities in the load current [6]. The per phase load current of shunt active filter is expressed as: Ial=I1pmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.10) =I1pmcosωt cosÃŽ ¸1 + I1pmsin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 k=2∞Ialk (2.11) In order to compensate harmonic current and reactive power demand the shunt active filter should produce a current of: Iah=I1pm+sin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 +Ialn+k=2∞Iak (2.12) Then the harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence current will not flow into power source. Hence, the current from the source terminal will be: Ias=Ial-Iah=Ipmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.13) This is a perfect harmonic free sinusoidal current in phase with voltage. 2.4 Basic Control Function It is evident from above discussion that UPQC should separate out the fundamental frequency positive sequence components first from the other components. Then it is required to control both series and shunt active filter to give output as shown in equations (2.9) and (2.18) respectively. The control strategy uses a PLL based unit vector template for extraction of reference signal from the distorted input supply. The block diagram of extraction of unit vector template is as given in Fig. 2.4. vm va,vb,vc vLa,vLb,vLc The input source voltage at point of common coupling contains fundamental and distorted component. To get unit vector templates of voltage, the input voltage is sensed and multiplied by gain equal to 1/vm, where vm is peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. These unit vector templates are then passed through a PLL for synchronization of signals. The unit vector templates for different phases are obtained as follows: va=sin ωt vb=sin (ωt-1200) (2.14) vc=sin (ωt+1200) 2.5 Shunt Converter Control The unit vector template of voltage is used to generate the reference signal for shunt APF. The control block diagram of shunt active filter is given in Fig. 2.5. As indicated earlier, the shunt APF compensates current harmonics in addition to maintaining the dc link current at a constant level. To achieve this, dc link current of the UPQC is compared with a constant reference current of magnitude equal to peak of harmonic current [10.]. The error between measured dc link current and reference current is processed in a PI controller. Gatting Signals Ia Ib I vavbvc Iar Ibr Icr dc link Pdc Ploss Idc ref The output of PI controller is added to real power loss component to derive reference source current given as: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ² = 1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2 vavbvc (2.15) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² =1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2IaIbIc (2.16) pt=vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ²t qt=-vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ²t (2.17) In matrix form it is given as: pq = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.18) From equation 2.18 the values of p and q can be expressed in terms of dc components plus the ac components as follows: p=p+p q=q+q (2.19) Where p is the dc component of the instantaneous power p, and is related to the fundamental active current. p is the ac component of the imaginary power p, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of the instantaneous real power q is the dc component of the imaginary instantaneous power q, and is related to the reactive power generated by the fundamental components of voltage and current qis the ac component of the instantaneous imaginary power q, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of instantaneous reactive power. To compute harmonic free unity power factor, three-phase currents, compensating powers pc and qc are selected as: pc = pldc + ploss (2.20) qc = 0 Where, plossis the instantaneous active power corresponding to the switching loss and resistive loss of UPQC. The total instantaneous active power is calculated by adding real power loss due to switching as shown in Fig.2.5. The orthogonal components of the fundamental current are obtained as follows: IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± pcqc (2.21) The a-b-c components of fundamental reference current are obtained as follows: i*sai*sbi*sc =2/30-1/31/3-1/31/3IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.22) The reference currents are then; compared with actual source current in a hystresis controller band to derive the switching signals to shunt inverter. 2.6 Series Converter Control In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage equal to equation (2.9). The reference load voltages are obtained by multiplying the unit vector templates with a constant equal to peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. The compensation signals for series filter are thus obtained by comparing these reference load voltages with actual source voltage using equation (2.23). v*fa=vsa-vmva v*fa=vsb-vmvb v*fa=vsc-vmvc (2.23) The control of the series-active power filter is given in Fig. 2.6. The series-APF should behave as a controlled voltage source and its output should follow the pattern of voltage given in equation (2.9). This compensating voltage signal can be obtained by comparing the actual load terminal voltage with the desired value. These compensation signals are compared with actual signals at the terminals of series filter and the error is taken to hystresis controller to generate the required gating signal for series filter as shown in Fig. 2.6. vla v v*fa Gatting va signal v*fb vb v*fa vlb vfa vfb vfc Fig. 2.6 Control block diagram of series-APF 2.7 Modeling of UPQC The three-phase system shown in Fig. 2.7 is considered for verifying the performance of UPQC. Three-phase source feeding this system at one end. For the best performance, UPQC is placed at the midpoint of the system as shown in Fig. 2.7. UPQC is placed between two sections B1and B2 of the transmission line. The complete system parameters are given in Table 2.1. The STATCOM model in UPQC is connected in shunt with transmission line using step down transformer. the voltage can be regulated to improve the voltage stability of the power system. Thus the main function of the STATCOM is to regulate key bus voltage magnitude by dynamically absorbing or generating power to the ac transmission line. The SSSC which is connected by series transformer with transmission line generates three-phase voltage of controllable magnitude and phase angle. This voltage injection in series with the transmission line is almost in quadrature with the line current and hence emulates an equivalent inductive or capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. A small part of this injected voltage is in phase with the transmission line current supplying the required losses in the Inverter Bridge and transformer. Three-phase AC source Rated voltage 11 kV Frequency 50 Hz SC level 200 MVA Base voltage 11 KV X/R 8 Transmission line parameters Resistance of the line 0.01273 ÃŽ ©/km